However today, no information exists on the concomitant changes of cardiac output and body water volumes in each trimester of pregnancies complicated with early-onset (EPE) or late onset preeclampsia (LPE), gestational hypertension (GH), essential hypertension (EH) or in normotensive women carrying neonates small for gestational age (SGA). It is also known that pregnancies, complicated with hypertension or poor fetal growth, present with inadequate maternal cardiovascular adaptations.Īssociations between maternal cardiac function and volume homeostasis have been reported in both normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women, and abnormal values of cardiac output have been observed in both latent and clinical phase of preeclampsia. Ī rise of maternal cardiac output and plasma volume, in association with a generalised vasodilation and reduced total peripheral resistance, are well known features of normal gestational physiology. In the latter group, maternal measurements are associated with neonatal birth weight and maternal outcome. Despite these limitations, several strengths of the BIA technology have also been reported, such as (a) its simplicity and low cost, (b) its poor interference by dietary or activity variations, (c) its high repeatability and reproducibility when applied under standardised conditions in a variety of selected populations of healthy and chronically ill children/adolescents, healthy adults, critically ill and oncologic patients, in obese individuals and also in pregnant subjects. When using bioelectrical impedance technology, it is recommended to consider the measured values not interchangeable with those obtained by other technologies, and to use population- and device-specific reference ranges. BIA can safely be used in pregnant women, but its reliability has been questioned for technical, mathematical or algorithmic limitations or inconsistencies of BIA body composition measurements with hydrostatic weighing or other gold standard methods. Non-invasive bio-impedance technologies, such as bio-impedance spectroscopy (BIS) or bio-impedance analysis (BIA) are based on the conductivity by human body tissues for imperceptible electrical currents, that varies according to the amount of accumulated fluids. There are several techniques available to measure volumes of the different compartments in vivo, however not all are safely applicable during pregnancy. All fluid compartments function interdependently, reaching steady states via a continuous exchange of water volume and constituents under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. Two third of this volume is intracellular fluid and the remaining third is located extracellularly in the intravascular, interstitial and transcellular compartments. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Ī woman’s total body water volume is estimated at around 55% of her body weight. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was supported by IWT - Instituut voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie/FWO - Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ( ) grant no. Received: AugAccepted: OctoPublished: November 1, 2018Ĭopyright: © 2018 Gyselaers et al.
Joles, University Medical Center Utrecht, NETHERLANDS (2018) Body fluid volume homeostasis is abnormal in pregnancies complicated with hypertension and/or poor fetal growth. Citation: Gyselaers W, Vonck S, Staelens AS, Lanssens D, Tomsin K, Oben J, et al.
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